Iyini imishini ye-CNC?

Umlando Wemishini ye-CNC
UJohn T. Parsons (1913-2007) weParsons Corporation eTraverse City, MI uthathwa njengephayona lokulawula izinombolo, umanduleli womshini wesimanje we-CNC.Ngomsebenzi wakhe, uJohn Parsons uye wabizwa ngokuthi ubaba wenguquko yesibili yezimboni.Wayedinga ukwenza izindwani eziyinkimbinkimbi zendiza enophephela emhlane futhi washeshe wabona ukuthi ikusasa lokukhiqiza lalixhuma imishini kumakhompyutha.Namuhla izingxenye ezenziwe nge-CNC zingatholakala cishe kuyo yonke imboni.Ngenxa yemishini ye-CNC, sinezimpahla ezibiza kancane, ukuvikela izwe okuqinile kanye nezinga lokuphila eliphakeme kunaleso elingenzeka ezweni elingenazimboni.Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umsuka womshini we-CNC, izinhlobo ezahlukene zemishini ye-CNC, izinhlelo zemishini ye-CNC kanye nemikhuba evamile ezitolo zemishini ye-CNC.

Imishini Ihlangana Nekhompyutha
Ngo-1946, igama elithi “computer” lalisho umshini wokubala osebenza nge-punch card.Nakuba i-Parsons Corporation yayenze uphephela owodwa ngaphambili, u-John Parsons waqinisekisa i-Sikorsky Helicopter ukuthi ingakhiqiza izifanekiso ezinembe kakhulu zokuhlanganisa nokukhiqiza uphephela.Wagcina esungule indlela yekhompiyutha ye-punch-card yokubala amaphuzu nge-rotor blade enophephela emhlane.Wabe esethi ama-opharetha ajikise amasondo kulawo maphuzu emshinini wokugaya iCincinnati.Ubambe umncintiswano wegama lale nqubo entsha futhi wanikeza u-$50 kumuntu owasungula i-“Numerical Control” noma i-NC.

Ngo-1958, wafaka ilungelo lobunikazi lokuxhuma ikhompiyutha emshinini.Isicelo sakhe selungelo lobunikazi safika ezinyangeni ezintathu ngaphambi kuka-MIT, owayesebenza ngomqondo ayewuqalile.U-MIT wasebenzisa imiqondo yakhe ukuze enze okokusebenza kwangempela kanye nomnikazi welayisensi kaMnu Parsons (Bendix) onelayisense engaphansi kwa-IBM, i-Fujitusu, ne-GE, phakathi kwabanye.Umqondo we-NC wephuza ukutholakala.Ngokusho kukaMnu. Parsons, abantu abathengisa lo mbono ngabantu bamakhompyutha esikhundleni sokukhiqiza abantu.Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, nokho, ibutho lase-US ngokwalo laduma ukusetshenziswa kwamakhompyutha e-NC ngokwakha nokuwaqashisa kubakhiqizi abaningi.Isilawuli se-CNC savela ngokuhambisana nekhompuyutha, siqhuba ukukhiqiza okwengeziwe nokuzishintshanisa ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi ukwenza imishini.

Iyini i-CNC Machining?
Imishini ye-CNC yenza izingxenye emhlabeni wonke cishe kuyo yonke imboni.Bakha izinto ngamapulasitiki, izinsimbi, i-aluminium, izinkuni nezinye izinto eziningi eziqinile.Igama elithi “CNC” limele iComputer Numerical Control, kodwa namuhla wonke umuntu uyibiza nge-CNC.Ngakho-ke, uwuchaza kanjani umshini we-CNC?Yonke imishini yokulawula ukunyakaza ezenzakalelayo inezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko - umsebenzi womyalo, isistimu yokushayela/ukunyakaza, nesistimu yempendulo.I-CNC machining iyinqubo yokusebenzisa ithuluzi lomshini oshayelwa ikhompuyutha ukukhiqiza ingxenye yento eqinile esesimweni esihlukile.

I-CNC incike emiyalweni yedijithali ngokuvamile eyenziwa ku-Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) noma isofthiwe ye-Computer Aided Design (CAD) efana ne-SolidWorks noma i-MasterCAM.Isofthiwe ibhala ikhodi ye-G isilawuli emshinini we-CNC esingayifunda.Uhlelo lwekhompuyutha esilawulini lutolika idizayini futhi luhambise amathuluzi okusika kanye/noma ucezu lokusebenza kuma-ax amaningi ukuze kusike umumo owufunayo kucezu lokusebenza.Inqubo yokusika ezenzakalelayo ishesha kakhulu futhi inembe kakhulu kunokunyakaza okwenziwa ngesandla kwamathuluzi nezinto zokusebenza ezenziwa ngezinsimbi namagiya emishinini endala.Imishini yesimanje ye-CNC ibamba amathuluzi amaningi futhi yenza izinhlobo eziningi zokusika.Inani lezindiza ezihambayo (izimbazo) kanye nenombolo nezinhlobo zamathuluzi umshini ongafinyelela kuzo ngokuzenzakalelayo phakathi nenqubo yokwenza imishini inquma ukuthi ucezu lokusebenza oluyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani i-CNC engayenza.

Ungawusebenzisa Kanjani Umshini we-CNC?
Omashini be-CNC kumele bathole amakhono kukho kokubili ukuhlela kanye nokusebenza kwensimbi ukuze basebenzise ngokugcwele amandla omshini we-CNC.Izikole ezihweba ngezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi zivame ukuqala abafundi kumalebula okwenziwa ngesandla ukuze bathole umuzwa wokusika insimbi.Umakhi kufanele akwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo zonke izinhlangothi ezintathu.Namuhla isofthiwe yenza kube lula kunangaphambili ukwenza izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba umumo wengxenye ungadwetshwa cishe bese izindlela zamathuluzi zingaphakanyiswa isofthiwe yokwenza lezo zingxenye.

Uhlobo Lwesoftware Oluvame Ukusetshenzwa Kunqubo Yemishini Ye-CNC
Umdwebo Osizwa Ngekhompyutha (CAD)
Isoftware ye-CAD iyisiqalo samaphrojekthi amaningi e-CNC.Kunamaphakheji amaningi e-software e-CAD, kodwa wonke asetshenziselwa ukwakha imiklamo.Izinhlelo ezidumile ze-CAD zifaka i-AutoCAD, i-SolidWorks, ne-Rhino3D.Kukhona nezixazululo ze-CAD ezisekelwe efwini, futhi ezinye zinikeza amakhono e-CAM noma zihlanganiswe nesofthiwe ye-CAM kangcono kunezinye.

I-Computer Aid Manufacturing (CAM)
Imishini ye-CNC ivamise ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezidalwe isoftware ye-CAM.I-CAM ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bamise "isihlahla somsebenzi" ukuze bahlele ukuhamba komsebenzi, bamise izindlela zamathuluzi futhi basebenzise ukulingisa okusika ngaphambi kokuba umshini wenze noma yikuphi ukusika kwangempela.Ngokuvamile izinhlelo ze-CAM zisebenza njengezengezo kusofthiwe ye-CAD futhi zenza i-g-code etshela amathuluzi e-CNC nezingxenye ezinyakazayo ukuthi ziye kuphi.Abathakathi kusofthiwe ye-CAM bakwenza kube lula kunangaphambili ukuhlela umshini we-CNC.Isoftware ye-CAM edumile ifaka i-Mastercam, i-Edgecam, i-OneCNC, i-HSMWorks, ne-Solidcam.I-Mastercam ne-Edgecam yenza cishe ama-50% esabelo semakethe se-CAM esiphezulu ngokombiko wango-2015.

Iyini i-Distributed Numeric Control?
I-Direct Numeric Control eyaba yi-Distributed Numeric Control (DNC)
Izilawuli Zezinombolo Eziqondile zisetshenziswe ukuphatha izinhlelo ze-NC nemingcele yemishini.Ivumele izinhlelo ukuthi zihambe kunethiwekhi zisuka kukhompyutha emaphakathi ziye kumakhompyutha angaphakathi aziwa ngokuthi amayunithi okulawula umshini (MCU).Ekuqaleni eyayibizwa ngokuthi “Direct Numeric Control,” yasishaya indiva isidingo se-paper tape, kodwa lapho ikhompuyutha yehla, yonke imishini yayo yehla.

I-Distributed Numerical Control isebenzisa inethiwekhi yamakhompyutha ukuxhumanisa ukusebenza kwemishini eminingi ngokuphakela uhlelo ku-CNC.Imemori ye-CNC iphethe uhlelo futhi opharetha angaqoqa, ahlele futhi abuyisele uhlelo.

Izinhlelo zesimanje ze-DNC zingenza lokhu okulandelayo:
● Ukuhlela - Ingasebenzisa uhlelo olulodwa lwe-NC kuyilapho ezinye zisahlelwa.
● Qhathanisa - Qhathanisa izinhlelo ze-NC zangempela nezihleliwe bese ubona ukuhlelwa.
● Qala kabusha - Uma ithuluzi liphuka uhlelo lungamiswa futhi luqale kabusha lapho lugcine khona.
● Ukulandelela umsebenzi - Ama-Opharetha angangena emisebenzini futhi alandelele ukusetha nesikhathi sokusebenza, isibonelo.
● Ukubonisa imidwebo - Bonisa izithombe, imidwebo ye-CAD yamathuluzi, izinto ezilungiswayo nezingxenye zokuqeda.
● Ukusebenzelana kwesikrini okuthuthukisiwe - Umshini wokuthinta okukodwa.
● Ukuphathwa kwedathabheyisi okuthuthukisiwe - Ihlela futhi igcine idatha lapho ingabuyiswa khona kalula.

Ukuqoqwa Kwedatha Yokukhiqiza (MDC)
Isofthiwe ye-MDC ingase ihlanganise yonke imisebenzi yesofthiwe ye-DNC futhi iqoqe idatha eyengeziwe futhi ihlaziye ukusebenza kahle kwemishini (OEE).Ukusebenza Kwesisetshenziswa Sekukonke kuncike kulokhu okulandelayo: Ikhwalithi - inani lemikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zekhwalithi kuyo yonke imikhiqizo ekhiqiziwe Ukutholakala - iphesenti lesikhathi esihleliwe lapho okokusebenza okucacisiwe kusebenza noma ukukhiqiza izingxenye Ukusebenza - ijubane langempela lokugijima uma liqhathaniswa nokusebenza okuhleliwe noma okufanelekile. izinga lemishini.

OEE = Ikhwalithi x Ukutholakala x Ukusebenza
I-OEE iyimethrikhi yokusebenza engukhiye (KPI) yezitolo eziningi zemishini.

Machine Monitoring Solutions
Isofthiwe yokuqapha umshini ingakhiwa ku-software ye-DNC noma ye-MDC noma ithengwe ngokuhlukana.Ngezixazululo zokuqapha umshini, idatha yomshini efana nokusetha, isikhathi sokusebenza, nesikhathi sokuphumula kuqoqwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi kuhlanganiswe nedatha yomuntu efana namakhodi esizathu ukuze kunikeze kokubili ukuqonda komlando nesikhathi sangempela sokuthi imisebenzi isebenza kanjani.Imishini yesimanje ye-CNC iqoqa cishe izinhlobo ezingama-200 zedatha, futhi isofthiwe yokuqapha umshini ingenza leyo datha ibe usizo kuwo wonke umuntu kusukela phansi esitolo kuya phezulu.Izinkampani ezifana ne-Memex inikeza isofthiwe (i-Tempus) ethatha idatha kusuka kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomshini we-CNC futhi ifake kufomethi yedathabhesi emisiwe engaboniswa kumashadi namagrafu anengqondo.Izinga ledatha elisetshenziswa iningi lezixazululo zokuqapha umshini elizuze amandla e-USA libizwa nge-MTConnect.Namuhla amathuluzi amaningi omshini we-CNC afika ehlonyiselwe ukunikeza idatha ngale fomethi.Imishini emidala isenganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile ngama-adaptha.Ukuqapha umshini kwemishini ye-CNC sekuye kwasetshenziswa kabanzi phakathi neminyaka embalwa edlule, futhi izixazululo zesofthiwe ezintsha zihlala zithuthukiswa.

Yiziphi Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zemishini Ye-CNC?
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zemishini ye-CNC namuhla.Imishini ye-CNC ingamathuluzi omshini asika noma anyakaze izinto njengoba zihlelwe kusilawuli, njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla.Uhlobo lokusika lungahluka ukusuka ekusikeni kwe-plasma ukuya ekusikeni nge-laser, ukugaya, umzila, kanye nezintambo.Imishini ye-CNC ingakwazi ngisho nokucosha futhi ihambise izinto emugqeni wokuhlanganisa.

Ngezansi kukhona izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zemishini ye-CNC:
Amalebula:Lolu hlobo lwe-CNC luguqula i-workpiece futhi luhambise ithuluzi lokusika endaweni yokusebenza.I-lathe eyisisekelo yi-axis engu-2, kodwa izimbazo eziningi ezengeziwe zingangezwa ukuze kwandiswe inkimbinkimbi yokusika okungenzeka.Impahla izungeza ku-spindle futhi icindezelwe ngokumelene nethuluzi lokugaya noma lokubaza elenza umumo oyifunayo.Ama-lathes asetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezilinganayo njengama-sphere, ama-cones, noma amasilinda.Imishini eminingi ye-CNC inemisebenzi eminingi futhi ihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zokusika.

Amarutha:Amarutha e-CNC avame ukusetshenziselwa ukusika izilinganiso ezinkulu ngokhuni, insimbi, amashidi, namapulasitiki.Amarutha ajwayelekile asebenza ekuxhumaneni kwe-axis engu-3, ​​ngakho-ke angakwazi ukusika izilinganiso ezintathu.Kodwa-ke, ungaphinda uthenge imishini ye-4,5 kanye ne-6-axis yamamodeli we-prototype kanye nokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukugaya:Imishini yokugaya ngesandla isebenzisa amasondo ezandla nezikulufu zokuhola ukuze iveze ithuluzi lokusika endaweni yokusebenza.Kumshini wokugaya we-CNC, i-CNC ihambisa izikulufu zebhola ezinembe kakhulu kuzixhumanisi ezihleliwe esikhundleni salokho.Imishini yokugaya ye-CNC iza ngohlu olubanzi losayizi nezinhlobo futhi ingasebenza ngezimbazo eziningi.

Ama-Plasma Cutters:I-CNC plasma cutter isebenzisa i-laser enamandla ukusika.Abasiki be-plasma abaningi basika amajamo ahleliwe ngaphandle kweshidi noma ipuleti.

Iphrinta ye-3D:Iphrinta ye-3D isebenzisa uhlelo ukuyitshela ukuthi ibekwe kuphi izingcezu ezincane zento yokwakha ukuze kwakhiwe umumo ofunekayo.Izingxenye ze-3D zakhiwe isendlalelo ngesendlalelo nge-laser ukuze kuqiniswe uketshezi noma amandla njengoba izendlalelo zikhula.

Umshini wokukhetha nendawo:Umshini we-CNC “wokukhetha nendawo” usebenza ngendlela efana nerutha ye-CNC, kodwa esikhundleni sokusika impahla, umshini unezimbobo eziningi ezincane ezicosha izingxenye zisebenzisa i-vacuum, ziziyise endaweni oyifunayo bese uzibeka phansi.Lezi zisetshenziselwa ukwenza amatafula, ama-motherboards ekhompiyutha kanye neminye imihlangano kagesi (phakathi kwezinye izinto.)

Imishini ye-CNC ingenza izinto eziningi.Namuhla ubuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha bungafakwa cishe emshinini ongawucabanga.I-CNC ingena esikhundleni sokusebenzelana komuntu okudingekayo ukuze kuthuthwe izingxenye zomshini ukuze kutholwe umphumela oyifunayo.Ama-CNC anamuhla ayakwazi ukuqala ngezinto ezingavuthiwe, njengebhulokhi lensimbi, futhi enze ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu enokubekezelelana okunembile kanye nokuphindaphinda okumangalisayo.

Ukukuhlanganisa Konke: Izitolo Zemishini Ye-CNC Zenza Kanjani Izingxenye
Ukusebenzisa i-CNC kuhlanganisa kokubili ikhompuyutha (isilawuli) kanye nokusetha ngokomzimba.Inqubo yesitolo somshini ejwayelekile ibonakala kanje:

Unjiniyela wokuklama udala idizayini kuhlelo lwe-CAD futhi ayithumele kumklami we-CNC.Umhleli uvula ifayela kuhlelo lwe-CAM ukuze anqume ngamathuluzi adingekayo futhi akhe uhlelo lwe-NC lwe-CNC.Uthumela uhlelo lwe-NC emshinini we-CNC futhi anikeze uhlu lokusethwa kwamathuluzi okulungile ku-opharetha.Umsebenzisi wokusetha ulayisha amathuluzi njengoba eyaliwe futhi alayishe impahla eluhlaza (noma ucezu lokusebenza).Ube esesebenzisa izingcezu zesampula futhi azilinganise ngamathuluzi okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi umshini we-CNC wenza izingxenye ngokuvumelana nencazelo.Ngokuvamile, u-opharetha wokusetha unikeza ucezu lwe-athikili yokuqala emnyangweni wekhwalithi oqinisekisa bonke ubukhulu nezimpawu zokuvala ekusetheni.Umshini we-CNC noma imishini ehlobene ilayishwa ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezanele ukwenza inani elifunekayo lezicucu, futhi umqhubi womshini umi eduze ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi umshini uyaqhubeka nokusebenza, enze izingxenye zicaciswe.futhi inempahla eluhlaza.Ngokuya ngomsebenzi, kuvame ukukwazi ukusebenzisa imishini ye-CNC “izibani zicinywe” kungekho opharetha okhona.Izingxenye eziqediwe zithuthelwa endaweni ekhethiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Abakhiqizi banamuhla bangakwazi ukuzenzela cishe noma iyiphi inqubo enikezwa isikhathi esanele, izinsiza kanye nomcabango.Izinto ezingavuthiwe zingangena emshinini futhi izingxenye eziqediwe zingaphuma sezipakishwe sezilungele ukuhamba.Abakhiqizi bancike ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini ye-CNC ukwenza izinto ngokushesha, ngokunembile futhi ngendlela engabizi.